Background Material

Articles/Stories/Papers

• Callahan, Daniel. The Research Imperative: Introduction (7-24-03)
  
  
• Callahan, Daniel. The Research Imperative: Is Research a Moral Obligation? (7-24-03)
  
  
• Cohen, Eric. Organ Transplantation: Defining the Ethical and Policy Issues. (6-22-06)
  
  
• Emanuel, Ezekiel. The Crisis in Human Participants Research: Identifying the Problems and Proposing Solutions (9-12-02)
  
  
• Gearhart, John. Human Embryonic Germ Cells: June 2001 – July 2003
  (7-24-03)
  
  
• Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "The Birth-Mark" (1-17-02)
  
  
• Itescu, Silviu. "Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration: Lessons from Recipients of Solid Organ Transplantation" (6-12-03)
  
  
• Jaenisch, Rudolph. "The Biology of Nuclear Cloning and the Potential of Embryonic Stem Cells for Transplantation Therapy"
  (7-24-03)
  
  
• Kass, Leon. "Beyond Therapy: Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Human Improvement" (1-16-03)
  
  
• Kass, Leon, and McHugh, Paul: Exchange of Letters on Medicalization (6-12-03)
  
  
• Lauritzen, Paul. The Ethics of Stem Cell Research (7-24-03)
  
  
• Meilaender, Gilbert. In Search of Wisdom: Bioethics and the Character of Human Life (1-17-02)

• Meilaender, Gilbert. Organ Procurement: What are the Questions?
  
  
• Outka, Gene. The Ethics of Stem Cell Research (4-25-02)
  
  
• Prentice, David. Adult Stem Cells (7-24-03)
  
  
• Sandel, Michael J. What's Wrong with Enhancement (12-12-03)
  
  
• Selzer, Richard. Whither Thou Goest (7-12-02)
  
  
• Spicker, Stuart. A Transplant Recipient as Patient and Research Subject (6-22-06)
  
  
• Wexler, Nancy. Genetic Information: Its Significance for Patients, Families, Health Professionals, Ethics, and Policy Development (9-8-06)

Commissioned Working Paper

• Commissioned Working Paper : Berkowitz, Peter. The Meaning of Federal Funding (9-04-03)
  

Staff Discussion Papers

• Staff Working Paper: Biotechnology, Procreation, and the Meaning of Human Cloning (1-17-02)
  
  
• Staff Working Paper: Scientific Aspects of Human and Animal Cloning (1-17-02)
  
  
• Staff Working Paper: Arguments for "Reproductive" Cloning
  (1-18-02)
  
  
• Staff Working Paper: Arguments against "Reproductive" Cloning
  (1-18-02)
  
  
• Staff Working Paper: Human Cloning: Policy Considerations
  (1-18-02)
  
  
• Staff Working Paper: On Terminology (2-13-02)
  
  
• Staff Working Paper: The Ethics of "Reproductive" Cloning: Child, Family, and Society (2-13-02)
  
  
• Staff Working Paper: Distinguishing Therapy and Enhancement
  (4-26-02)
  
  
• Staff Working Paper: Patenting Human Organisms (6-21-02)
  
  
• Staff Working Paper: Regulating the New Biotechnologies: Observations and Procedural Options for the Council
  (10-18-02)
  
  
• Staff Working Paper: Ethical Aspects of Sex Control (1-16-03)
  
  
• Staff Working Paper: Age-Retardation: Scientific Possibilities and Moral Challenges (3-06-03)
  
  
• Staff Working Paper: Stronger, Longer-Lasting Skeletal Muscles through Biotech? (3-06-03)
  
  
• Staff Working Paper: "Better" Memories? The Promise and Perils of Pharmacological Interventions (3-06-03)
  
  
• Discussion Document: U.S. Public Policy and the Biotechnologies That Touch the Beginnings of Human Life: A Detailed Overview
  (6-13-03)
  
  
• Staff Working Paper: U.S. Public Policy and the Biotechnologies That Touch the Beginnings of Human Life: Findings (7-25-03)
  
  
• Staff Working Paper: U.S. Public Policy and the Biotechnologies That Touch the Beginnings of Human Life: Some Policy Options (7-25-03)
  
  
• Staff Working Paper: U.S. Public Policy and the Biotechnologies That Touch the Beginnings of Human Life: Draft Recommendations
  (9-05-03)
  
  
• Staff Working Paper: The Administration's Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Funding Policy: Moral and Political Foundations
  (9-05-03)
  
  
• Staff Working Paper: Biotechnology and Public Policy: Biotechnologies Touching the Beginnings of Human Life: Defending the Dignity of Human Procreation
  (10-16-03)
  
  
• Staff Working Paper: Monitoring Stem Cell Research: The Ethical Debates Reviewed
  (10-16-03)
  
  
• Staff Working Paper: Applications of Human Stem Cells in Research and Medicine
  (10-16-03)
  
  
• Staff Working Paper: The Council's Second Term: Agenda Options
  (1-15-04)
  
  
• Staff Working Paper: Biotechnology and Public Policy: Biotechnologies Touching the Beginnings of Human Life (Draft Recommendations: Revised)
  (1-15-04)
  
  
• Staff Working Paper: Ethical Questions About the Current U.S. Newborn Screening System
  (6-23-06)
  
  
• Organ Transplant Policies and Policy Reforms (9-7-06)
  
  
• The Ethics of Organ Allocation (9-7-06)
  
  
• Living Donors: Process, Outcomes, and Ethical Questions (9-7-06)
  
  
• The Definition of Death and the Ethics of Organ Procurement from the Deceased (9-7-06)
  
  
• Organ Transplantation: Policy Options (11-17-06)
  
  
• Staff Discussion Paper: Caring for Living Donors and Transplant Recipients: Five Policy Proposals (2-15-07)
  
  
• Staff Discussion Paper: The Ethics of Organ Allocation: Policy Questions Concerning Geography, Age, and Net Benefit (2-15-07)
  
  
• Staff Discussion Paper: Increasing the Supply of Human Organs: Three Policy Proposals (2-15-07)
  
  
• Staff Discussion Paper: On the Body and Transplantation: Philosophical and Legal Context (2-15-07)
  
  
• Appendix: "Organs" and "Tissue" in the Therapeutic Transplantation Context (2-15-07)
  
  
• Staff Discussion Paper: The Council's Inquiry into the Healing Professions: Progress to date, Key Questions, and Possible Future Directions [Tom Merrill] (11-09-07)
  
  
• Staff Discussion Paper: The Council's Inquiry into the Healing Professions: Progress to date, Key Questions, and Possible Future Directions [David Miller] (11-09-07)
  
  
• Staff Paper: Understanding the Ethical Implications of Nanotechnology: Highlights of a Limited Inquiry By the President's Council on Bioethics [Sam Crowe] (11-09-07)
  
  
• Staff Working Paper: Ethical Issues in the Current Expansion of Newborn Screening [Adam Schulman and Sam Crowe] (6-26-08)
  

Staff Background Papers

• Staff Background Paper: On Depression and Antidepressants
  (9-12-02)
  
  
• Staff Background Paper: Thinking About Sex Selection
  (10-17-02)
  
  
• Staff Background Paper: Remembering and Forgetting
  (10-17-02)
  
  
• Staff Background Paper: The Promise and Challenge of Aging Research
  (12-12-02)
  
  
• Staff Background Paper: Human Flourishing, Performance Enhancement, and Ritalin (12-12-02)
  
  
• Staff Background Paper: Human Genetic Enhancement
  (12-13-02)
  
  
• Staff Background Paper: Organ Transplantation: Ethical Dilemmas and Policy Choices (1-16-03)
  
  
• Staff Background Paper: A Brief History of Newborn Screening in the United States (3-06-08)